Guidelines for effective Cross-Cultural Counselling

Assalamualaikum. Hai. 

How are you? Hopefully you are all in the best state of health. 

Today, we are going to check some guidelines in ensuring an effective cross-cultural counseling. Hopefully this will be helpful to us all. :)

1. Counselors need to be aware of their own ethnicity and how it influences their interactions with other cultural groups. 

2. Problems (physical, mental) need to be understood within the context of the person’s ethnicity. We learn from our culture, appropriate ways of responding to illness. For example, one group of people may tend to complain about their physical problems, while another may deny having any pain and see it as a form of punishment. 

3. Attitudes towards seeking help vary from on ethnic group to another. For example, on group of people may mistrust the helping profession and prefer to receive help from the church while another may produce physical symptoms when under stress and seek out a medical doctor; and the expression of emotional concerns is culturally discouraged. 

4. It is important to clearly spell out the tasks of the first session to all family members and explain in detail the client-counselor relationship. 

5. The expectations the family may have about the encounter might be based on its experience with the medical profession. The family may expect the counselor to take charge and provide advice. By being direct, active and using a structured approach, the counselor establishes rapport with the family.  

6. The ethnic group may perceive the family as the primary source of support for its members. If this is the case, the family may be experiencing shame and guilt for not being able to solve its own problems. For example, an individual may turn to the family for support and seek our outsiders for support as a last resort. In some cultures, it is not acceptable to express personal concerns with a stranger; therefore, the clients adopt the counselor into their family. 

7. There may be fears and embarrassment about not being able to speak the language of the dominant culture well enough to express difficulties. As a result the counselor may view the client as passive and resistant. 

8. Culture influences the family’s orientation toward being internally/externally controlled. An internally oriented family has the belief that their achievements, or lack of achievements, are determined by their own actions, thus shaping their destiny. On the other hand, an externally oriented family has the belief that achievements and non achievements occur independently of their actions and that the future is predicated on chance. An externally oriented family may be interpreted by an internally focused counselor as procrastinators. 

9. Another important dimension when working with the people who are from cultures different than our own is the “locus of responsibility”. “Locus of responsibility” assesses the amount of responsibility or blame given to the client or the clients system. Determining if the individual or the system is the cause of the behavior is important when making an assessment and determining interventions. In Canadian culture often the individual is seen as being responsible for his/her actions. Racial and ethnic minorities whose behaviors deviate from the middle class are labeled as deviant. 

10. Be aware of ethno cultural roles and hierarchy. If the father is considered the authority figure, make sure you address him, first showing respect for his cultural positions. In attempting to seek information from the children, it is important to acquire permission before proceeding with the interview. 

11. If you are dealing with issues concerning immigration, ascertain if the reason for immigration was voluntary or involuntary. It is important to determine if the immigration is temporary or permanent and if any family members remained behind. 

12. Inquire about issues that may be specific to a particular ethnic group. Family members are often delighted to teach counselors about the key “insults” of their cultural group. 

13. If you experience resistance, check to see if you have violated a culture norm. 

14. Counselors need to assess the degree of acculturation to the dominant culture. The family may espouse tradition roots; they mat attempt to blend the dominant culture into their own; they may decide to reject their culture and completely take on the dominant culture as the way of life. The assessment of acculturation will influence your approach and their reaction to the therapeutic process. 

15. The counselor can become overly concerned about the family’s ethnicity to the point where one loses perspective as to their reason for seeking help


Source: http://www.sascwr.org/files/www/resources_pdfs/anti_oppression/Guidelines_for_effective_Crosscultural_Counselling.pdf

Assalamualaikum. Hai. 

How are you? Hopefully you are all in the best state of health. 

Today, we are going to check some guidelines in ensuring an effective cross-cultural counseling. Hopefully this will be helpful to us all. :)

1. Counselors need to be aware of their own ethnicity and how it influences their interactions with other cultural groups. 

2. Problems (physical, mental) need to be understood within the context of the person’s ethnicity. We learn from our culture, appropriate ways of responding to illness. For example, one group of people may tend to complain about their physical problems, while another may deny having any pain and see it as a form of punishment. 

3. Attitudes towards seeking help vary from on ethnic group to another. For example, on group of people may mistrust the helping profession and prefer to receive help from the church while another may produce physical symptoms when under stress and seek out a medical doctor; and the expression of emotional concerns is culturally discouraged. 

4. It is important to clearly spell out the tasks of the first session to all family members and explain in detail the client-counselor relationship. 

5. The expectations the family may have about the encounter might be based on its experience with the medical profession. The family may expect the counselor to take charge and provide advice. By being direct, active and using a structured approach, the counselor establishes rapport with the family.  

6. The ethnic group may perceive the family as the primary source of support for its members. If this is the case, the family may be experiencing shame and guilt for not being able to solve its own problems. For example, an individual may turn to the family for support and seek our outsiders for support as a last resort. In some cultures, it is not acceptable to express personal concerns with a stranger; therefore, the clients adopt the counselor into their family. 

7. There may be fears and embarrassment about not being able to speak the language of the dominant culture well enough to express difficulties. As a result the counselor may view the client as passive and resistant. 

8. Culture influences the family’s orientation toward being internally/externally controlled. An internally oriented family has the belief that their achievements, or lack of achievements, are determined by their own actions, thus shaping their destiny. On the other hand, an externally oriented family has the belief that achievements and non achievements occur independently of their actions and that the future is predicated on chance. An externally oriented family may be interpreted by an internally focused counselor as procrastinators. 

9. Another important dimension when working with the people who are from cultures different than our own is the “locus of responsibility”. “Locus of responsibility” assesses the amount of responsibility or blame given to the client or the clients system. Determining if the individual or the system is the cause of the behavior is important when making an assessment and determining interventions. In Canadian culture often the individual is seen as being responsible for his/her actions. Racial and ethnic minorities whose behaviors deviate from the middle class are labeled as deviant. 

10. Be aware of ethno cultural roles and hierarchy. If the father is considered the authority figure, make sure you address him, first showing respect for his cultural positions. In attempting to seek information from the children, it is important to acquire permission before proceeding with the interview. 

11. If you are dealing with issues concerning immigration, ascertain if the reason for immigration was voluntary or involuntary. It is important to determine if the immigration is temporary or permanent and if any family members remained behind. 

12. Inquire about issues that may be specific to a particular ethnic group. Family members are often delighted to teach counselors about the key “insults” of their cultural group. 

13. If you experience resistance, check to see if you have violated a culture norm. 

14. Counselors need to assess the degree of acculturation to the dominant culture. The family may espouse tradition roots; they mat attempt to blend the dominant culture into their own; they may decide to reject their culture and completely take on the dominant culture as the way of life. The assessment of acculturation will influence your approach and their reaction to the therapeutic process. 

15. The counselor can become overly concerned about the family’s ethnicity to the point where one loses perspective as to their reason for seeking help


Source: http://www.sascwr.org/files/www/resources_pdfs/anti_oppression/Guidelines_for_effective_Crosscultural_Counselling.pdf

Cross Cultural Competencies and Objectives (ACA)

Assalamualaikum, Hai alllll~ 

Today we will be looking at ACA's Cross Cultural Competencies and Objectives. 

It will be a longgggg one, so without further a do, let us begin. :3

                                                                                                                                  

The following information first appeared in 1992, when it was published simultaneously in ACA's Journal of Counseling and Development and in the Journal of the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD). Since that time, the multicultural competencies outlined in the article have become an important part of the counseling literature and a central aspect of all counselors' work. For more information about multicultural counseling, we suggest that you make frequent visits to AMCD's web site that is located at www.amcdaca.org. 

In April 1991, the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD) approved a document outlining the need and rationale for a multicultural perspective in counseling. The work of the Professional Standards committee went much further in proposing 31 multicultural counseling competencies and strongly encouraged the American Counseling Association (then known as the American Association for Counseling and Development (AACD)) and the counseling profession to adopt these competencies in accreditation criteria. The hope was to have the competencies eventually become a standard for curriculum reform and training of helping professionals. 

Cross-Cultural Competencies and Objectives 

I. Counselor Awareness of Own Cultural Values and Biases 

A. Attitudes and Beliefs 

1. Culturally skilled counselors have moved from being culturally unaware to being aware and sensitive to their own cultural heritage and to valuing and respecting differences. 

2. Culturally skilled counselors are aware of how their own cultural backgrounds and experiences and attitudes, values, and biases influence psychological processes. 

3. Culturally skilled counselors are able to recognize the limits of their competencies and expertise. 

4. Culturally skilled counselors are comfortable with differences that exist between themselves and clients in terms of race, ethnicity, culture, and beliefs. 

B. Knowledge 

1. Culturally skilled counselors have specific knowledge about their own racial and cultural heritage and how it personally and professionally affects their definitions of normality-abnormality and the process of counseling. 

2. Culturally skilled counselors possess knowledge and understanding about how oppression, racism, discrimination, and stereotyping affects them personally and in their work. This allows them to acknowledge their own racist attitudes, beliefs, and feelings. Although this standard applies to all groups, for White counselors it may mean that they understand how they may have directly or indirectly benefited from individual, institutional, and cultural racism (White identity development models). 

3. Culturally skilled counselors possess knowledge about their social impact on others. They are knowledgeable about communication style differences, how their style may clash or foster the counseling process with minority clients, and how to anticipate the impact it may have on others. 

C. Skills 

1. Culturally skilled counselors seek out educational, consultative, and training experience to improve their understanding and effectiveness in working with culturally different populations. Being able to recognize the limits of their competencies, they 

(a) seek consultation, 

(b) seek further training or education, 

(c) refer out to more qualified individuals or resources, or 

(d) engage in a combination of these. 

2. Culturally skilled counselors are constantly seeking to understand themselves as racial and cultural beings and are actively seeking a nonracist identity. 

II. Counselor Awareness of Client's Worldview

A. Attitudes and Beliefs 

1. Culturally skilled counselors are aware of their negative emotional reactions toward other racial and ethnic groups that may prove detrimental to their clients in counseling. They are willing to contrast their own beliefs and attitudes with those of their culturally different clients in a nonjudgmental fashion. 

2. Culturally skilled counselors are aware of their stereotypes and preconceived notions that they may hold toward other racial and ethnic minority groups. 

B. Knowledge 

1. Culturally skilled counselors possess specific knowledge and information about the particular group they are working with. They are aware of the life experiences, cultural heritage, and historical background of their culturally different clients. This particular competency is strongly linked to the minority identity development models available in the literature. 

2. Culturally skilled counselors understand how race, culture, ethnicity, and so forth may affect personality formation, vocational choices, manifestation of psychological disorders, help-seeking behavior, and the appropriateness or inappropriateness of counseling approaches. 

3. Culturally skilled counselors understand and have knowledge about sociopolitical influences that impinge upon the life of racial and ethnic minorities. Immigration issues, poverty, racism, stereotyping, and powerlessness all leave major scars that may influence the counseling process. 

C. Skills 

1. Culturally skilled counselors should familiarize themselves with relevant research and the latest findings regarding mental health and mental disorders of various ethnic and racial groups. They should actively seek out educational experiences that foster their knowledge, understanding, and cross-cultural skills. 

2. Culturally skilled counselors become actively involved with minority individuals outside of the counseling setting (community events, social and political functions, celebrations, friendships, neighborhood groups, and so forth) so that their perspective of minorities is more than an academic or helping exercise. 

III. Culturally Appropriate Intervention Strategies 

A. Attitudes and Beliefs 

1. Culturally skilled counselors respect clientsà religious and/or spiritual beliefs and values, including attributions and taboos, because they affect worldview, psychosocial functioning, and expressions of distress. 

2. Culturally skilled counselors respect indigenous helping practices and respect minority community intrinsic help-giving networks. 

3. Culturally skilled counselors value bilingualism and do not view another language as an impediment to counseling (monolingualism may be the culprit). 

B. Knowledge 

1. Culturally skilled counselors have a clear and explicit knowledge and understanding of the generic characteristics of counseling and therapy (culture bound, class bound, and monolingual) and how they may clash with the cultural values of various minority groups. 

2. Culturally skilled counselors are aware of institutional barriers that prevent minorities from using mental health services. 

3. Culturally skilled counselors have knowledge of the potential bias in assessment instruments and use procedures and interpret findings keeping in mind the cultural and linguistic characteristics of the clients. 

4. Culturally skilled counselors have knowledge of minority family structures, hierarchies, values, and beliefs. They are knowledgeable about the community characteristics and the resources in the community as well as the family. 

5. Culturally skilled counselors should be aware of relevant discriminatory practices at the social and community level that may be affecting the psychological welfare of the population being served.

C. Skills 

1. Culturally skilled counselors are able to engage in a variety of verbal and nonverbal helping responses. They are able to send and receive both verbal and non-verbal messages accurately and appropriately. They are not tied down to only one method or approach to helping but recognize that helping styles and approaches may be culture bound. When they sense that their helping style is limited and potentially inappropriate, they can anticipate and ameliorate its negative impact. 

2. Culturally skilled counselors are able to exercise institutional intervention skills on behalf of their clients. They can help clients determine whether a problem stems from racism or bias in others (the concept of health paranoia) so that clients do not inappropriately personalize problems. 

3. Culturally skilled counselors are not averse to seeking consultation with traditional healers and religious and spiritual leaders and practitioners in the treatment of culturally different clients when appropriate. 

4. Culturally skilled counselors take responsibility for interacting in the language requested by the client and, if not feasible, make appropriate referral. 

A serious problem arises when the linguistic skills of a counselor do not match the language of the client. This being the case, counselors should 

(a) seek a translator with cultural knowledge and appropriate professional background and 

(b) refer to a knowledgeable and competent bilingual counselor. 

5. Culturally skilled counselors have training and expertise in the use of traditional assessment and testing instruments. They not only understand the technical aspects of the instruments but are also aware of the cultural limitations. This allows them to use test instruments for the welfare of the diverse clients.

 6. Culturally skilled counselors should attend to as well as work to eliminate biases, prejudices, and discriminatory practices. They should be cognizant of sociopolitical contexts in conducting evaluation and providing interventions and should develop sensitivity to issues of oppression, sexism, elitism, and racism. 

7. Culturally skilled counselors take responsibility in educating their clients to the processes of psychological intervention, such as goals, expectations, legal rights, and the counselor's orientation.

                                                                                                                                             

Waaaa, there are so many things and areas that we should consider when we are talking about cross cultural competencies. Well, this can be a good checklist and guidelines for us in improving our cross cultural competencies as counseling students. 

That's it for  today. See you in the next post ;D

Assalamualaikum, Hai alllll~ 

Today we will be looking at ACA's Cross Cultural Competencies and Objectives. 

It will be a longgggg one, so without further a do, let us begin. :3

                                                                                                                                  

The following information first appeared in 1992, when it was published simultaneously in ACA's Journal of Counseling and Development and in the Journal of the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD). Since that time, the multicultural competencies outlined in the article have become an important part of the counseling literature and a central aspect of all counselors' work. For more information about multicultural counseling, we suggest that you make frequent visits to AMCD's web site that is located at www.amcdaca.org. 

In April 1991, the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD) approved a document outlining the need and rationale for a multicultural perspective in counseling. The work of the Professional Standards committee went much further in proposing 31 multicultural counseling competencies and strongly encouraged the American Counseling Association (then known as the American Association for Counseling and Development (AACD)) and the counseling profession to adopt these competencies in accreditation criteria. The hope was to have the competencies eventually become a standard for curriculum reform and training of helping professionals. 

Cross-Cultural Competencies and Objectives 

I. Counselor Awareness of Own Cultural Values and Biases 

A. Attitudes and Beliefs 

1. Culturally skilled counselors have moved from being culturally unaware to being aware and sensitive to their own cultural heritage and to valuing and respecting differences. 

2. Culturally skilled counselors are aware of how their own cultural backgrounds and experiences and attitudes, values, and biases influence psychological processes. 

3. Culturally skilled counselors are able to recognize the limits of their competencies and expertise. 

4. Culturally skilled counselors are comfortable with differences that exist between themselves and clients in terms of race, ethnicity, culture, and beliefs. 

B. Knowledge 

1. Culturally skilled counselors have specific knowledge about their own racial and cultural heritage and how it personally and professionally affects their definitions of normality-abnormality and the process of counseling. 

2. Culturally skilled counselors possess knowledge and understanding about how oppression, racism, discrimination, and stereotyping affects them personally and in their work. This allows them to acknowledge their own racist attitudes, beliefs, and feelings. Although this standard applies to all groups, for White counselors it may mean that they understand how they may have directly or indirectly benefited from individual, institutional, and cultural racism (White identity development models). 

3. Culturally skilled counselors possess knowledge about their social impact on others. They are knowledgeable about communication style differences, how their style may clash or foster the counseling process with minority clients, and how to anticipate the impact it may have on others. 

C. Skills 

1. Culturally skilled counselors seek out educational, consultative, and training experience to improve their understanding and effectiveness in working with culturally different populations. Being able to recognize the limits of their competencies, they 

(a) seek consultation, 

(b) seek further training or education, 

(c) refer out to more qualified individuals or resources, or 

(d) engage in a combination of these. 

2. Culturally skilled counselors are constantly seeking to understand themselves as racial and cultural beings and are actively seeking a nonracist identity. 

II. Counselor Awareness of Client's Worldview

A. Attitudes and Beliefs 

1. Culturally skilled counselors are aware of their negative emotional reactions toward other racial and ethnic groups that may prove detrimental to their clients in counseling. They are willing to contrast their own beliefs and attitudes with those of their culturally different clients in a nonjudgmental fashion. 

2. Culturally skilled counselors are aware of their stereotypes and preconceived notions that they may hold toward other racial and ethnic minority groups. 

B. Knowledge 

1. Culturally skilled counselors possess specific knowledge and information about the particular group they are working with. They are aware of the life experiences, cultural heritage, and historical background of their culturally different clients. This particular competency is strongly linked to the minority identity development models available in the literature. 

2. Culturally skilled counselors understand how race, culture, ethnicity, and so forth may affect personality formation, vocational choices, manifestation of psychological disorders, help-seeking behavior, and the appropriateness or inappropriateness of counseling approaches. 

3. Culturally skilled counselors understand and have knowledge about sociopolitical influences that impinge upon the life of racial and ethnic minorities. Immigration issues, poverty, racism, stereotyping, and powerlessness all leave major scars that may influence the counseling process. 

C. Skills 

1. Culturally skilled counselors should familiarize themselves with relevant research and the latest findings regarding mental health and mental disorders of various ethnic and racial groups. They should actively seek out educational experiences that foster their knowledge, understanding, and cross-cultural skills. 

2. Culturally skilled counselors become actively involved with minority individuals outside of the counseling setting (community events, social and political functions, celebrations, friendships, neighborhood groups, and so forth) so that their perspective of minorities is more than an academic or helping exercise. 

III. Culturally Appropriate Intervention Strategies 

A. Attitudes and Beliefs 

1. Culturally skilled counselors respect clientsà religious and/or spiritual beliefs and values, including attributions and taboos, because they affect worldview, psychosocial functioning, and expressions of distress. 

2. Culturally skilled counselors respect indigenous helping practices and respect minority community intrinsic help-giving networks. 

3. Culturally skilled counselors value bilingualism and do not view another language as an impediment to counseling (monolingualism may be the culprit). 

B. Knowledge 

1. Culturally skilled counselors have a clear and explicit knowledge and understanding of the generic characteristics of counseling and therapy (culture bound, class bound, and monolingual) and how they may clash with the cultural values of various minority groups. 

2. Culturally skilled counselors are aware of institutional barriers that prevent minorities from using mental health services. 

3. Culturally skilled counselors have knowledge of the potential bias in assessment instruments and use procedures and interpret findings keeping in mind the cultural and linguistic characteristics of the clients. 

4. Culturally skilled counselors have knowledge of minority family structures, hierarchies, values, and beliefs. They are knowledgeable about the community characteristics and the resources in the community as well as the family. 

5. Culturally skilled counselors should be aware of relevant discriminatory practices at the social and community level that may be affecting the psychological welfare of the population being served.

C. Skills 

1. Culturally skilled counselors are able to engage in a variety of verbal and nonverbal helping responses. They are able to send and receive both verbal and non-verbal messages accurately and appropriately. They are not tied down to only one method or approach to helping but recognize that helping styles and approaches may be culture bound. When they sense that their helping style is limited and potentially inappropriate, they can anticipate and ameliorate its negative impact. 

2. Culturally skilled counselors are able to exercise institutional intervention skills on behalf of their clients. They can help clients determine whether a problem stems from racism or bias in others (the concept of health paranoia) so that clients do not inappropriately personalize problems. 

3. Culturally skilled counselors are not averse to seeking consultation with traditional healers and religious and spiritual leaders and practitioners in the treatment of culturally different clients when appropriate. 

4. Culturally skilled counselors take responsibility for interacting in the language requested by the client and, if not feasible, make appropriate referral. 

A serious problem arises when the linguistic skills of a counselor do not match the language of the client. This being the case, counselors should 

(a) seek a translator with cultural knowledge and appropriate professional background and 

(b) refer to a knowledgeable and competent bilingual counselor. 

5. Culturally skilled counselors have training and expertise in the use of traditional assessment and testing instruments. They not only understand the technical aspects of the instruments but are also aware of the cultural limitations. This allows them to use test instruments for the welfare of the diverse clients.

 6. Culturally skilled counselors should attend to as well as work to eliminate biases, prejudices, and discriminatory practices. They should be cognizant of sociopolitical contexts in conducting evaluation and providing interventions and should develop sensitivity to issues of oppression, sexism, elitism, and racism. 

7. Culturally skilled counselors take responsibility in educating their clients to the processes of psychological intervention, such as goals, expectations, legal rights, and the counselor's orientation.

                                                                                                                                             

Waaaa, there are so many things and areas that we should consider when we are talking about cross cultural competencies. Well, this can be a good checklist and guidelines for us in improving our cross cultural competencies as counseling students. 

That's it for  today. See you in the next post ;D

Brunei (Part 2)

Assalamualaikum. Haiiiiiiiii~

Today, we are going to know more about Brunei. I can't wait no more, so let us just begin! :D

Ops! Before that, let us watch this short video for a better close up of Brunei and its people. Hee. Enjoy!

PEOPLE AND SOCIETY

Bruneian students representing their country for ASEAN 3+ Student Camp in 2015.

The majority of Brunei’s people are Malays, but there are other minorities - Chinese, Indians and some indigenous tribes. Of these, the most prominent minority is that of the Chinese, who comprise about 18% of the population. However, Malay culture is the dominant one in the country and a certain amount of discrimination is also practised in the country, especially by the government, when it comes to communities- Malays are generally favoured. 

The population of Brunei has one of the most enviable lifestyles in Asia, and perhaps even in the world - there are no personal taxes; education and healthcare are free; houses and cars are subsidised. The country’s a rich one, fairly peaceful and quite a haven for anyone who’s a Muslim.

Brunei’s is a staunchly Muslim society, and not amongst the most liberal in South Asia. Although most people are very friendly and tend to regard foreign tourists with an indulgent eye, it’s best to observe certain norms of social conduct. Even fairly innocuous things may be a `no-no’ in Brunei, and some may even be actually forbidden by law- you could end up being tried in an Islamic court. Public displays of affection are considered rude, and if it’s with someone of the opposite sex who’s a Muslim you could even be prosecuted. You will be offending public and social sentiments by wearing skimpy clothing, so consider it taboo. 

It’s considered polite to always accept a little bit (at least) of any food or drink offered to you; to eat or to give (and receive) only with the right hand; and to show due respect to the elderly. Never eat while walking about, or sit with your legs stretched out in front of you; don’t lean on a table while visiting an office, and never ever commit the faux pas of resting your feet on a table or chair. Don’t pat or touch anyone on the head it’s considered highly disrespectful; and don’t beckon anyone by using a forefinger - you’re supposed to use all four fingers of the right hand, palm facing downwards. Don’t get too worried, though - just mind your step, be polite and discreet, and you should get by without stepping on too many toes! 

If you remember that 65% of Brunei’s population is of Malay origin, then it’s easy to guess what the main language of the country is - Malay. It’s also the official language, and is popularly used in two scripts: Roman and Arabic. Malay written in the Arabic script is called Jawi, and it’s the script taught in most schools. English is widely used, particularly in trade and commerce and Chinese is spoken by people of Chinese origin.

Bruneian student get together with His Majesty

CULTURE OF BRUNEI

Brunei’s culture is similar to Malay culture - the language is Malay, the lifestyle, the customs and traditions, the beliefs- even the food is Malay in origin. Islam has been a powerful influence in moulding Brunei’s culture - in fact, dress codes, social conduct and cultural traditions are all governed by Islamic tenets. Brunei’s government even has a separate department responsible for preserving traditions and rituals (all Islamic) and for setting down rules on what’s right and what’s not in behaviour and protocol. Although there are Chinese and other minorities in Brunei, they tend to follow their own traditions and customs only in very isolated pockets; the overwhelming predominance remains that of Malay culture. 

Brasswork was at one time one of the best known of Brunei’s traditional crafts; artisans would produce some of the region’s most intricately worked cannons, household items and the like, in both brass and silver. Both forms of metalwork were largely patronised by the Sultans of Brunei, but with the collapse of the Sultanate these art forms declined. Silverwork, however, escaped obscurity - you’ll find lots of fine examples in art and antique shops. Other than that, Brunei is famed is weaving fabrics in traditional designs, both in silk and cotton.

Brunei Silk Kurung Pahang

FOOD IN BRUNEI

Brunei’s cuisine is essentially Malay food- based on rice, and an interesting mix of flavours, wide-ranging enough to encompass everything from shrimp paste and lemon grass to coconut and turmeric. It’s basically a result of the intermixing of Indian and Chinese flavours, and the result is quite delectable. A very wide variety of vegetables, meats, spices, herbs and flavourings are used in cooking (except, of course, pork- which is taboo for the predominantly Muslim Bruneians). Tea, coffee, fruit juices and other soft drinks are widely available, but alcohol has been banned since 1991. One of the favourites of most people in Brunei and a particular specialty of the country is beef satay- grilled chunks of meat served with a spicy peanut sauce.

Satay with peanut sauce, yummmmmmmmmy!

So, how is it? Interesting right? Hehe. Let's visit Brunei!
 See you in next post. Till then, take care! ;)

Assalamualaikum. Haiiiiiiiii~

Today, we are going to know more about Brunei. I can't wait no more, so let us just begin! :D

Ops! Before that, let us watch this short video for a better close up of Brunei and its people. Hee. Enjoy!

PEOPLE AND SOCIETY

Bruneian students representing their country for ASEAN 3+ Student Camp in 2015.

The majority of Brunei’s people are Malays, but there are other minorities - Chinese, Indians and some indigenous tribes. Of these, the most prominent minority is that of the Chinese, who comprise about 18% of the population. However, Malay culture is the dominant one in the country and a certain amount of discrimination is also practised in the country, especially by the government, when it comes to communities- Malays are generally favoured. 

The population of Brunei has one of the most enviable lifestyles in Asia, and perhaps even in the world - there are no personal taxes; education and healthcare are free; houses and cars are subsidised. The country’s a rich one, fairly peaceful and quite a haven for anyone who’s a Muslim.

Brunei’s is a staunchly Muslim society, and not amongst the most liberal in South Asia. Although most people are very friendly and tend to regard foreign tourists with an indulgent eye, it’s best to observe certain norms of social conduct. Even fairly innocuous things may be a `no-no’ in Brunei, and some may even be actually forbidden by law- you could end up being tried in an Islamic court. Public displays of affection are considered rude, and if it’s with someone of the opposite sex who’s a Muslim you could even be prosecuted. You will be offending public and social sentiments by wearing skimpy clothing, so consider it taboo. 

It’s considered polite to always accept a little bit (at least) of any food or drink offered to you; to eat or to give (and receive) only with the right hand; and to show due respect to the elderly. Never eat while walking about, or sit with your legs stretched out in front of you; don’t lean on a table while visiting an office, and never ever commit the faux pas of resting your feet on a table or chair. Don’t pat or touch anyone on the head it’s considered highly disrespectful; and don’t beckon anyone by using a forefinger - you’re supposed to use all four fingers of the right hand, palm facing downwards. Don’t get too worried, though - just mind your step, be polite and discreet, and you should get by without stepping on too many toes! 

If you remember that 65% of Brunei’s population is of Malay origin, then it’s easy to guess what the main language of the country is - Malay. It’s also the official language, and is popularly used in two scripts: Roman and Arabic. Malay written in the Arabic script is called Jawi, and it’s the script taught in most schools. English is widely used, particularly in trade and commerce and Chinese is spoken by people of Chinese origin.

Bruneian student get together with His Majesty

CULTURE OF BRUNEI

Brunei’s culture is similar to Malay culture - the language is Malay, the lifestyle, the customs and traditions, the beliefs- even the food is Malay in origin. Islam has been a powerful influence in moulding Brunei’s culture - in fact, dress codes, social conduct and cultural traditions are all governed by Islamic tenets. Brunei’s government even has a separate department responsible for preserving traditions and rituals (all Islamic) and for setting down rules on what’s right and what’s not in behaviour and protocol. Although there are Chinese and other minorities in Brunei, they tend to follow their own traditions and customs only in very isolated pockets; the overwhelming predominance remains that of Malay culture. 

Brasswork was at one time one of the best known of Brunei’s traditional crafts; artisans would produce some of the region’s most intricately worked cannons, household items and the like, in both brass and silver. Both forms of metalwork were largely patronised by the Sultans of Brunei, but with the collapse of the Sultanate these art forms declined. Silverwork, however, escaped obscurity - you’ll find lots of fine examples in art and antique shops. Other than that, Brunei is famed is weaving fabrics in traditional designs, both in silk and cotton.

Brunei Silk Kurung Pahang

FOOD IN BRUNEI

Brunei’s cuisine is essentially Malay food- based on rice, and an interesting mix of flavours, wide-ranging enough to encompass everything from shrimp paste and lemon grass to coconut and turmeric. It’s basically a result of the intermixing of Indian and Chinese flavours, and the result is quite delectable. A very wide variety of vegetables, meats, spices, herbs and flavourings are used in cooking (except, of course, pork- which is taboo for the predominantly Muslim Bruneians). Tea, coffee, fruit juices and other soft drinks are widely available, but alcohol has been banned since 1991. One of the favourites of most people in Brunei and a particular specialty of the country is beef satay- grilled chunks of meat served with a spicy peanut sauce.

Satay with peanut sauce, yummmmmmmmmy!

So, how is it? Interesting right? Hehe. Let's visit Brunei!
 See you in next post. Till then, take care! ;)

Indian Culture: Traditions and Customs India

FOOD

When the Moghul Empire invaded during the sixteenth century, they left a significant mark on the Indian cuisine, according to Texas A&M University. Indian cuisine is also influenced by many other countries. It is known for its large assortment of dishes and its liberal use of herbs and spices. Cooking styles vary from region to region.

Basmati rice mixed with Chana

Chutney (spreads with Naan)

Wheat, Basmati rice and pulses with chana (Bengal gram) are important staples of the Indian diet. The food is rich with curries and spices, including ginger, coriander, cardamom, turmeric, dried hot peppers, and cinnamon, among others. Chutneys — thick condiments and spreads made from assorted fruits and vegetables such as tamarind and tomatoes and mint, cilantro and other herbs — are used generously in Indian cooking.

Many Hindus are vegetarians, but lamb and chicken are common in main dishes for non-vegetarians. The Guardian reports that between 20 percent and 40 percent of India's population is vegetarian.

bhatoora

naan

Much of Indian food is eaten with fingers or bread used as utensils. There is a wide array of breads served with meals, including naan, a leavened, oven-baked flatbread, and bhatoora, a fried, fluffy flatbread common in North India and eaten with chickpea curry.

________________________________________________________________________

CLOTHING

Dhoti

Kurta

Nehru Jacket

Saree

Sherwani

Indian clothing is closely identified with the colorful silk saris worn by many of the country’s women. The traditional clothing for men is the dhoti, an unstitched piece of cloth that is tied around the waist and legs. Men also wear a kurta, a loose shirt that is worn about knee-length. For special occasions, men wear a sherwani, which is a long coat that is buttoned up to the collar and down to the knees. The Nehru jacket is a shorter version of a sherwani.

_______________________________________________________________________

CUSTOMS AND CELEBRATIONS

Holi Festival

The country celebrates Republic Day (Jan. 26), Independence Day (Aug. 15) and Mahatma Gandhi's Birthday (Oct. 2). Diwali is the largest and most important holiday to India, according to National Geographic. It is a five-day festival known as the festival of lights because of the lights lit during the celebration to symbolize the inner light that protects them from spiritual darkness. Holi, the festival of colors, also called the festival of love, is popular in the spring.

________________________________________________________________________

RELIGION

India is identified as the birthplace of Hinduism and Buddhism, the third and fourth largest religions. About 84 percent of the population identifies as Hindu, according to the “Handbook of Research on Development and Religion” Edited by Matthew Clarke (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013). There are many variations of Hinduism, and four predominant sects — Shaiva, Vaishnava, Shakteya and Smarta.

Shaiva - (also Saivam or Saivism) is one of the major branches of Hinduism along with Vaishnavism, Shaktism, and Smartism.

Vaishnava - is the branch of Hinduism in which Vishnu or one of his incarnations (usually Krishna or Rama) is worshipped as the supreme God. Members of Vaishnavism are called Vaishnavites or Vaishnavas. Vaishnavism is the largest Hindu denomination and it has numerous subdivisions.

Shakteya - In Shaktism, Shakti (mother divine) is considered as the supreme being. and all other (female/male) forms are considered the manifestation of the supreme. Shakti tradition is a major sect in the Bengal, Assam region of India

Smarta - The Smarta Tradition (also known as Smarta Sampradaya, and also spelled Smartha) is an orthodox Hindu "family tradition" or sect composed of Brahmins, which follows Panchayatana. The term Smarta is used to denote a specific, specialized category of Brahmins, who specialize in the smiriti, who hold the smriti as the most authoritative texts.

About 13 percent of Indians are Muslim, making it one of the largest Islamic nations in the world. Christians and Sikhs make up a small percentage of the population, and there are even fewer Buddhists and Jains, according to the “Handbook.”

__________________________________________________________________

ARCHITECTURE AND ART

Taj Mahal

The most well-known example of Indian architecture is the Taj Mahal, built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan to honor his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It combines elements from Islamic, Persian, Ottoman Turkish and Indian architectural styles. India also has many ancient temples.

India is well known for its film industry, which is often referred to as Bollywood. The country's movie history began in 1896 when the Lumière brothers demonstrated the art of cinema in Mumbai, according to the Golden Globes. Today, the films are known for their elaborate singing and dancing. 

Indian dance, music and theater traditions span back more than 2,000 years, according to Nilima Bhadbhade, author of “Contract Law in India” (Kluwer Law International, 2010). The major classical dance traditions — Bharata Natyam, Kathak, Odissi, Manipuri, Kuchipudi, Mohiniattam and Kathakali — draw on themes from mythology and literature and have rigid presentation rules.

wahhh!! interesting right? I really wish that I able to explore more culture and traditions and also places in India. In-sha-Allah one fine day :) ok guys, see you on next post <3

FOOD

When the Moghul Empire invaded during the sixteenth century, they left a significant mark on the Indian cuisine, according to Texas A&M University. Indian cuisine is also influenced by many other countries. It is known for its large assortment of dishes and its liberal use of herbs and spices. Cooking styles vary from region to region.

Basmati rice mixed with Chana

Chutney (spreads with Naan)

Wheat, Basmati rice and pulses with chana (Bengal gram) are important staples of the Indian diet. The food is rich with curries and spices, including ginger, coriander, cardamom, turmeric, dried hot peppers, and cinnamon, among others. Chutneys — thick condiments and spreads made from assorted fruits and vegetables such as tamarind and tomatoes and mint, cilantro and other herbs — are used generously in Indian cooking.

Many Hindus are vegetarians, but lamb and chicken are common in main dishes for non-vegetarians. The Guardian reports that between 20 percent and 40 percent of India's population is vegetarian.

bhatoora

naan

Much of Indian food is eaten with fingers or bread used as utensils. There is a wide array of breads served with meals, including naan, a leavened, oven-baked flatbread, and bhatoora, a fried, fluffy flatbread common in North India and eaten with chickpea curry.

________________________________________________________________________

CLOTHING

Dhoti

Kurta

Nehru Jacket

Saree

Sherwani

Indian clothing is closely identified with the colorful silk saris worn by many of the country’s women. The traditional clothing for men is the dhoti, an unstitched piece of cloth that is tied around the waist and legs. Men also wear a kurta, a loose shirt that is worn about knee-length. For special occasions, men wear a sherwani, which is a long coat that is buttoned up to the collar and down to the knees. The Nehru jacket is a shorter version of a sherwani.

_______________________________________________________________________

CUSTOMS AND CELEBRATIONS

Holi Festival

The country celebrates Republic Day (Jan. 26), Independence Day (Aug. 15) and Mahatma Gandhi's Birthday (Oct. 2). Diwali is the largest and most important holiday to India, according to National Geographic. It is a five-day festival known as the festival of lights because of the lights lit during the celebration to symbolize the inner light that protects them from spiritual darkness. Holi, the festival of colors, also called the festival of love, is popular in the spring.

________________________________________________________________________

RELIGION

India is identified as the birthplace of Hinduism and Buddhism, the third and fourth largest religions. About 84 percent of the population identifies as Hindu, according to the “Handbook of Research on Development and Religion” Edited by Matthew Clarke (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013). There are many variations of Hinduism, and four predominant sects — Shaiva, Vaishnava, Shakteya and Smarta.

Shaiva - (also Saivam or Saivism) is one of the major branches of Hinduism along with Vaishnavism, Shaktism, and Smartism.

Vaishnava - is the branch of Hinduism in which Vishnu or one of his incarnations (usually Krishna or Rama) is worshipped as the supreme God. Members of Vaishnavism are called Vaishnavites or Vaishnavas. Vaishnavism is the largest Hindu denomination and it has numerous subdivisions.

Shakteya - In Shaktism, Shakti (mother divine) is considered as the supreme being. and all other (female/male) forms are considered the manifestation of the supreme. Shakti tradition is a major sect in the Bengal, Assam region of India

Smarta - The Smarta Tradition (also known as Smarta Sampradaya, and also spelled Smartha) is an orthodox Hindu "family tradition" or sect composed of Brahmins, which follows Panchayatana. The term Smarta is used to denote a specific, specialized category of Brahmins, who specialize in the smiriti, who hold the smriti as the most authoritative texts.

About 13 percent of Indians are Muslim, making it one of the largest Islamic nations in the world. Christians and Sikhs make up a small percentage of the population, and there are even fewer Buddhists and Jains, according to the “Handbook.”

__________________________________________________________________

ARCHITECTURE AND ART

Taj Mahal

The most well-known example of Indian architecture is the Taj Mahal, built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan to honor his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It combines elements from Islamic, Persian, Ottoman Turkish and Indian architectural styles. India also has many ancient temples.

India is well known for its film industry, which is often referred to as Bollywood. The country's movie history began in 1896 when the Lumière brothers demonstrated the art of cinema in Mumbai, according to the Golden Globes. Today, the films are known for their elaborate singing and dancing. 

Indian dance, music and theater traditions span back more than 2,000 years, according to Nilima Bhadbhade, author of “Contract Law in India” (Kluwer Law International, 2010). The major classical dance traditions — Bharata Natyam, Kathak, Odissi, Manipuri, Kuchipudi, Mohiniattam and Kathakali — draw on themes from mythology and literature and have rigid presentation rules.

wahhh!! interesting right? I really wish that I able to explore more culture and traditions and also places in India. In-sha-Allah one fine day :) ok guys, see you on next post <3

5 Important Aspects of Multicultural Counseling Competencies

Assalamualaikum, Hai!

Today, I want to share with all of you a short but very informative article I found about multicultural counseling. The article outlines five important aspects of multicultural counseling competencies which are very important for us to know as a counselor. :)

To have an inclusive approach in a counseling practice, the counseling professional must develop multicultural competencies in order to effectively work with clients from diverse backgrounds. Learning culturally-competent counseling practices, current theoretical approaches, and practicing self-reflection in this area will help you acquire the skills necessary to engage a diverse clientele.

DEFINING MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING

It may sound simplistic, but multicultural counseling is defined as what occurs when the professional counselor works with a client from a different cultural group and how that might affect interactions that take place within the counseling relationship. This definition is expanded to include dissimilarities in religion and spirituality, sexual orientation, gender, age and maturity, socioeconomic class, family history, and even geographic location. The first step in effective multicultural counseling is to identify and acknowledge these differences between the counselor and client.

IDENTIFYING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

One of the first steps in working with clients is to discuss what brings a person into counseling and to identify the presenting problem. The typical Western style of finding answers through a direct approach is not compatible with many cultures. This technique includes use of body language, eye contact, and using open-ended questions. Asian Americans, for instance, typically experience this method as impolite. Native Americans also feel this directness to be too invasive. Recognizing and being sensitive to cultural differences is essential for establishing the trust necessary to conduct effective counseling sessions.

UNDERSTANDING & ADDRESSING ISSUES 
IN MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING

One of the most effective tools counselors can utilize to engage clients from other cultures is to openly acknowledge any differences. The key is doing it in such a way that does not undermine the client’s belief that you will be able to offer professional help and potential solutions. Part of establishing rapport with multicultural clients is expressing a willingness to learn more about, and showing respect for, their worldview, belief systems, and means of problem-solving. Learning about and addressing the client’s realities will allow you to create culturally-sensitive interventions.

THE ROLE OF SELF IN MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING

Self-reflection is vital to becoming a culturally-competent counselor. Start by clearly identifying your own worldview and personal beliefs about those who are different from you. This exercise will assist you in uncovering your own prejudices, feelings, and stereotypical ideas about clients from other cultures. Being open-minded and willing to educate yourself about culturally different groups is a productive way of moving forward toward your goal of working effectively with them in counseling. Becoming self-aware is an ongoing practice, and allowing new information to play a part in shaping your professional identity is a valuable tool.

ONGOING EDUCATION REQUIRED 
IN MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING

It’s important to understand that professional counselors never master the ability to understand every unique cultural difference; this is a continual state of learning. Your knowledge base will grow as you work with a greater number of diverse clients, but the learning doesn’t stop there. Working in this area of professional counseling will continually provide you with opportunities to gain new insights and skills with each new client.

Source: http://www.delval.edu/blog/five-important-aspects-of-multicultural-counseling-competencies

Assalamualaikum, Hai!

Today, I want to share with all of you a short but very informative article I found about multicultural counseling. The article outlines five important aspects of multicultural counseling competencies which are very important for us to know as a counselor. :)

To have an inclusive approach in a counseling practice, the counseling professional must develop multicultural competencies in order to effectively work with clients from diverse backgrounds. Learning culturally-competent counseling practices, current theoretical approaches, and practicing self-reflection in this area will help you acquire the skills necessary to engage a diverse clientele.

DEFINING MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING

It may sound simplistic, but multicultural counseling is defined as what occurs when the professional counselor works with a client from a different cultural group and how that might affect interactions that take place within the counseling relationship. This definition is expanded to include dissimilarities in religion and spirituality, sexual orientation, gender, age and maturity, socioeconomic class, family history, and even geographic location. The first step in effective multicultural counseling is to identify and acknowledge these differences between the counselor and client.

IDENTIFYING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

One of the first steps in working with clients is to discuss what brings a person into counseling and to identify the presenting problem. The typical Western style of finding answers through a direct approach is not compatible with many cultures. This technique includes use of body language, eye contact, and using open-ended questions. Asian Americans, for instance, typically experience this method as impolite. Native Americans also feel this directness to be too invasive. Recognizing and being sensitive to cultural differences is essential for establishing the trust necessary to conduct effective counseling sessions.

UNDERSTANDING & ADDRESSING ISSUES 
IN MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING

One of the most effective tools counselors can utilize to engage clients from other cultures is to openly acknowledge any differences. The key is doing it in such a way that does not undermine the client’s belief that you will be able to offer professional help and potential solutions. Part of establishing rapport with multicultural clients is expressing a willingness to learn more about, and showing respect for, their worldview, belief systems, and means of problem-solving. Learning about and addressing the client’s realities will allow you to create culturally-sensitive interventions.

THE ROLE OF SELF IN MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING

Self-reflection is vital to becoming a culturally-competent counselor. Start by clearly identifying your own worldview and personal beliefs about those who are different from you. This exercise will assist you in uncovering your own prejudices, feelings, and stereotypical ideas about clients from other cultures. Being open-minded and willing to educate yourself about culturally different groups is a productive way of moving forward toward your goal of working effectively with them in counseling. Becoming self-aware is an ongoing practice, and allowing new information to play a part in shaping your professional identity is a valuable tool.

ONGOING EDUCATION REQUIRED 
IN MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING

It’s important to understand that professional counselors never master the ability to understand every unique cultural difference; this is a continual state of learning. Your knowledge base will grow as you work with a greater number of diverse clients, but the learning doesn’t stop there. Working in this area of professional counseling will continually provide you with opportunities to gain new insights and skills with each new client.

Source: http://www.delval.edu/blog/five-important-aspects-of-multicultural-counseling-competencies

A VISIT TO MUZIUM ORANG ASLI

Assalamualaikum.

Entry today we want to share of our Cross-Culture class visit to the Orang Asli museum located in Jalan Pahang Lama Gombak. This visit was on 20 February 2016 at 10.00 am. Truthfully said that this is our first time we are here even this museum near from IIUM and several of us had been here before. Our journey from IIUM to the museum takes 15 minutes and we went there by car.

         The entrance of Muzium Orang Asli and this is our classmate members!

                                                    Excited right?   HAHA..

This is free entrance museum and opening hours just on Saturday until Thursday from 9.00 am till 5.00 pm. Find free time and go there together with your friends especially those who really like history…

Because this is our Cross Culture class, we had been given a task to discover whole history of Orang Asli all over Malaysia. First, i will brief a little background about this museum.

How Orang Asli Museum got this name and what for this museum was built??

Orang Asli Museum History started in year 1987 at an old wooden building which was the official residence of Former Director of Orang Asli Affairs Department (JHEOA). Later in year 1995 (end of 6^th Malaysia Plan) the JHEOA official built a new brick museum at a cost of RM 3.5 million. It was completed and hand-over to the JHEOA on 19 June 1998. The museum was officiated by the 11^th Seri Paduka Baginda Yang Dipertuan Agong, Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah Alhaj on 2 March 2000 an was known as the Orang Asli Museum.  

Now, this museum is developing and handling under Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli (JAKOA). This to make sure that this historical place is keeps safe and does not be abandoned. Moreover, this center also controls the development of the Orang Asli in Malaysia. They will keep in track and find idea on how the transformation of this place to be a better place. However, the welfare for the Orang Asli community is not forgotten.

Timeline of the transformation plan for the Orang Asli

The objective of this museum are to of becoming a reference point for historical events and artifacts to the aborigines or the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia the museum also helps to facilitate research into the history and background of the aborigine community. The museum consists of a permanent exhibition gallery, a mini theater hall equipped with state-of-the-art audio visual system, a library and a souvenir shop. Artifacts on exhibition at the museum include hunting equipment, traditional musical instruments as well as personal ornaments and garments. I will briefly explain to you later about all this tools.

Wait!

Who are The Orang Asli?

The Orang Asli is considered to be part of the natives of this country. In December 2010, their population is approximately 171,193 and they are divided into three main tribes which are Negrito, Senoi and The Proto-Malays (Aboriginal Malays).

Negrito is a sub- ethnic group has been identified as the earliest to inhabit the remote are of Peninsular Malaysia. They are said to have originated from Indo- China and come to Malay Peninsular through southern Thailand about 8, 000 years ago. Another theory claims that they are migrants from South Africa who travelled through Indo-China to proceed to the Malay Peninsula. However this theory is still being debated by archeologist.

Senoi is the second wave of migrants from Indo-China to Malays Peninsular through southern Thailand around 500 years ago.

Proto-Malays came to Malay Peninsular around 1800 from native Sumatra and Riau- Lingga Island in Indonesia. They settled in coastal area especially in the south of the Peninsula. They are believed to have fled to the Peninsula from politic tensions and war in their native land.

Each tribe divided into 6 smaller tribes and they speak different dialect, apart from the local Malay dialect.

Negrito	Senoi	Proto- Malays
Kensui	Temiar	Temuan
Kintaq	Semai	Semelai
Lanoh	Semoq Beri	Jakun
Jahai	Che Wong	Orang Kanaq
Mendriq	Jah Hut	Orang Kuala
Bateq	Mah Meri	Orang Seletar

Once we enter this place, all of us interested in one image which is….

THIS!

The map images on the distribution Orang Asli across Malaysia. This interesting picture of variety ethnics Orang Asli and I bet this only major ethnic in Malaysia and there are many others ethnic in depth. Look up to this picture, for sure my classmate members are looking for what kind of Orang Asli or ethnic of Orang Asli in their state and same goes us.

Tadaaa J Fatin and I point at tribes of Orang Asli in our own state. 

I am Kelantanese and Fatin is Penangite

I am Kelantanese and the ethnic of Orang Asli there called as Bateq. According to the information provided here, Bateq can be further divided into several sub-tribes, namely the Bateq De in Hulu Kelantan, Bate Iga in Tahan River and Kechau River in Pahang. Bateq Nang in Cheka river in Jerantut, Pahang as well as  Bateq the in Pos Lebir, Aring river in Kelantan and Berua river in Hulu Besut, Terengganu. Each sub-tribe has its own dialect which forms its identity. The Bateq are usually frizzy haired dark with a broad face, flat nose and short chin. However for other tribes, they have their own character and personalities.

So, what the other things that exhibit in Orang Asli Museum?

As what I said before, there are many things display in the museum like exhibition gallery which exhibit on musical instrument, jewelries, clothing, wood carving and crafts, hunting tools, farming tools, the wedding ceremony of the orang asli, beliefs, Senoi Praaq corner and so on.

MUSICAL INSTRUMENT

Musical instrument also has been used for Orang Asli in and all this instruments is hand made by them from the natural sources. Music forms part of their lives it used as a form of entertainment. Basically, their music is produces using instruments that need to be drummed, blown, violin-like and hit like the ‘gong’, ‘centong’, ‘bamboo guitar’, ‘kreb’, ‘pensol’, and ‘centong-centong’.

JEWELLRIES

Besides that, they also wear jewelries and this are used to attract the male and female. Some of these jewelries is made of tree roots, beads and flowers which are then designed to form bracelets, necklace, comb and others.

(This is comb that use by female Among The Orang Asli)

CLOTHING

In clothing, they used to cover the private parts of both the male and the female. Originally, their clothes were made of leaves and the outer layer of wood. Technology and development have existed for a long time in the Orang Asli and this is evident from the process of making clothes from wood with its very high artistic value.

So here, don’t u think that they are not wearing anything.. hehe

WOOD CARVINGAND CRAFTS

            As we know, they are really relying on the nature and all task they are using woods, bamboo, roots and many things. So it is undeniable that they are really creative in making wood carving and crafts. There are meaning besides these crafts, such as mostly for belief especially in weaving of mengkuang and pandan leaves, bamboo and cane. In wood craving, all creation depends on imagination and dream that depict good or evil forces which are related to their beliefs and lifestyle.

 Some of the craft Orang Asli made

HUNTING

Then, for hunting tools, The Orang Asli uses many different types of hunting weapons that are basically made of material available around them. The weapon includes blow-pipe, spears and traps. Fishing equipment includes ‘bubu’, ‘lukah’, ‘tuar’, and other. At present, these tools are still being used especially by the Orang Asli living in remote areas.

The use of blow-pipe and traps as weapons..

WEDDING CEREMONY

This picture is about wedding ceremony of Orang Asli. They have unique wedding rituals but at the same time. There are certain elements of their wedding rituals that’s are still being practiced by the Mah Meri in Kampung Tanjung Sepat, Selangor are ritual to get rid of bad luck, sharpening the teeth, setting up the mosquito net, coloring the fingernails, he dancing ceremony and the ritual where they bathe the bride and groom. For your information, Orang Asli practice early marriage such as for male in 17 years old until 18 years old is suitable age for them to get married. Meanwhile for female, when they are 13 until 14 years old is a good age and preferred younger than male to get married. Wow.. this is interesting..

BELIEFS AND HEALING

In terms of beliefs, the Orang Asli has their own unique customs and traditions, which are closely linked to animistic influences. Traditional medicine-men or know as shaman act as a medium to communicate with the invisible power. This communication process carries out during rituals on special days such as ‘Puja Pantai’ for the Mah Meri, ‘Genggulang’ for the Semai. ‘Sewang’ for the Semai and Temiar then ‘Berjerom’ for the Jakun.

In healing belief of Orang Asli, their close relationship with cosmological factors, such as the sun, moon, stars and other elements means that they require a physical channel/medium, which they create in various forms during any healing ritual. This ‘channel’ acts as the vessel for transferring the patient’s illness. The Mah Meri for example, use ANCA, Balai (spirit half) or Sampan (small boat) as their channel. The Jah Hut meanwhile, uses the Sepili figurine in their healing ceremony known as Benisoy.

They continue to hold onto the traditions of healing as inherited from their ancestors. There are certain rituals that make up these traditions, which start from the point of birth right up to death. These rituals are carried out to obtain wellbeing and for protection against disasters or illness. For the Semai and Temiar tribes, the Sewang events is closely related with healing practices for treating condition such as memory loss, illness as a result of someone’s  ill wish, accidental poisoning and possession by evil spirit. Illness are believed to originated from a spirit which has been disturbed and therefore need to be summoned and worshipped in order to treat it. The Mah Meri meanwhile holds a special Hari Moyang (Ancestor Day) celebration once a year for the same purpose.

What is Senoi Praaq?

 Senoi praaq is a term that means The Fighting People. it refer to the battalion of the Police Field Force (PPH) whose members are almost exclusively Orang Asli and was originally formed in 1957 to counter the influence of the communist insurgents on the Orang Asli community deep in the jungles of Malaysia. In 1968 the Senoi Praaq was absorbed into PPH. The unit has two battalions, the Battalion 20 based in Bidor Camp, Perak. Today both battalion consist of 2, 000 personnel and were known as the General Operations Force (PGA).

Before this, I never thought that Orang Asli also have own Battalions at that time and this is amazing!

Besides that, at that time they had used the telephone during missions in jungle and this is advanced u know and the phone is very unique and cute. (Actually this is the favorite site for most of us. hey you! a handsome Senoi Praaq there..)

                                                                 Hello....

Jewelries

                                               

                                         Games of Orang Asli made of coconut shell                                                                                                                               

 Graduation dress for Orang Asli

                                         Traditional music and dances

Funeral process..

 Finally,,

For the conclusion, there are many things we learned about history of The Orang Asli from this visit. For instance, their culture, beliefs, clothes, ceremonies, music instruments, the battalion that I like the most and so on. As we can see in depth on history of Orang Asli, they are primitive people who live in jungle and they are fully dependent on the natural sources surrounding, but they are living well and know how to survive, to defend themselves from any risk and to giving birth have children among the community Orang Asli. This is human, we have been given aql and intellectual differ from animals. Intellect is one weapon or power precious gift of God to every human being. Among all God's creatures, humans are the most perfect, most beautiful, the best, and even respectable human beings are not the biggest or the highest. This is explained by Allah in his words to the effect:

“We have certainly created man in the best of stature”

(Surah At-Tin, verses 4)

In counseling view, we need to know all this important information about Orang Asli in because they are part of our community, Malaysian. Besides that, when we know their culture, we are able to cope nicely when having counseling session with them if we aware of their cultural background, religions and beliefs. do not stereotype and be judgmental to them, respect each other, and make them comfortable along the counseling process. We have cultural diversity in our country, so be fair to all different culture in our country and avoid being racist.

That’s all for our entry today, sorry for late post about this visit..

Thank you reading this entry and have fun! J

~AdilahMardiah

Assalamualaikum.

Entry today we want to share of our Cross-Culture class visit to the Orang Asli museum located in Jalan Pahang Lama Gombak. This visit was on 20 February 2016 at 10.00 am. Truthfully said that this is our first time we are here even this museum near from IIUM and several of us had been here before. Our journey from IIUM to the museum takes 15 minutes and we went there by car.

         The entrance of Muzium Orang Asli and this is our classmate members!

                                                    Excited right?   HAHA..

This is free entrance museum and opening hours just on Saturday until Thursday from 9.00 am till 5.00 pm. Find free time and go there together with your friends especially those who really like history…

Because this is our Cross Culture class, we had been given a task to discover whole history of Orang Asli all over Malaysia. First, i will brief a little background about this museum.

How Orang Asli Museum got this name and what for this museum was built??

Orang Asli Museum History started in year 1987 at an old wooden building which was the official residence of Former Director of Orang Asli Affairs Department (JHEOA). Later in year 1995 (end of 6^th Malaysia Plan) the JHEOA official built a new brick museum at a cost of RM 3.5 million. It was completed and hand-over to the JHEOA on 19 June 1998. The museum was officiated by the 11^th Seri Paduka Baginda Yang Dipertuan Agong, Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah Alhaj on 2 March 2000 an was known as the Orang Asli Museum.  

Now, this museum is developing and handling under Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli (JAKOA). This to make sure that this historical place is keeps safe and does not be abandoned. Moreover, this center also controls the development of the Orang Asli in Malaysia. They will keep in track and find idea on how the transformation of this place to be a better place. However, the welfare for the Orang Asli community is not forgotten.

Timeline of the transformation plan for the Orang Asli

The objective of this museum are to of becoming a reference point for historical events and artifacts to the aborigines or the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia the museum also helps to facilitate research into the history and background of the aborigine community. The museum consists of a permanent exhibition gallery, a mini theater hall equipped with state-of-the-art audio visual system, a library and a souvenir shop. Artifacts on exhibition at the museum include hunting equipment, traditional musical instruments as well as personal ornaments and garments. I will briefly explain to you later about all this tools.

Wait!

Who are The Orang Asli?

The Orang Asli is considered to be part of the natives of this country. In December 2010, their population is approximately 171,193 and they are divided into three main tribes which are Negrito, Senoi and The Proto-Malays (Aboriginal Malays).

Negrito is a sub- ethnic group has been identified as the earliest to inhabit the remote are of Peninsular Malaysia. They are said to have originated from Indo- China and come to Malay Peninsular through southern Thailand about 8, 000 years ago. Another theory claims that they are migrants from South Africa who travelled through Indo-China to proceed to the Malay Peninsula. However this theory is still being debated by archeologist.

Senoi is the second wave of migrants from Indo-China to Malays Peninsular through southern Thailand around 500 years ago.

Proto-Malays came to Malay Peninsular around 1800 from native Sumatra and Riau- Lingga Island in Indonesia. They settled in coastal area especially in the south of the Peninsula. They are believed to have fled to the Peninsula from politic tensions and war in their native land.

Each tribe divided into 6 smaller tribes and they speak different dialect, apart from the local Malay dialect.

Negrito	Senoi	Proto- Malays
Kensui	Temiar	Temuan
Kintaq	Semai	Semelai
Lanoh	Semoq Beri	Jakun
Jahai	Che Wong	Orang Kanaq
Mendriq	Jah Hut	Orang Kuala
Bateq	Mah Meri	Orang Seletar

Once we enter this place, all of us interested in one image which is….

THIS!

The map images on the distribution Orang Asli across Malaysia. This interesting picture of variety ethnics Orang Asli and I bet this only major ethnic in Malaysia and there are many others ethnic in depth. Look up to this picture, for sure my classmate members are looking for what kind of Orang Asli or ethnic of Orang Asli in their state and same goes us.

Tadaaa J Fatin and I point at tribes of Orang Asli in our own state. 

I am Kelantanese and Fatin is Penangite

I am Kelantanese and the ethnic of Orang Asli there called as Bateq. According to the information provided here, Bateq can be further divided into several sub-tribes, namely the Bateq De in Hulu Kelantan, Bate Iga in Tahan River and Kechau River in Pahang. Bateq Nang in Cheka river in Jerantut, Pahang as well as  Bateq the in Pos Lebir, Aring river in Kelantan and Berua river in Hulu Besut, Terengganu. Each sub-tribe has its own dialect which forms its identity. The Bateq are usually frizzy haired dark with a broad face, flat nose and short chin. However for other tribes, they have their own character and personalities.

So, what the other things that exhibit in Orang Asli Museum?

As what I said before, there are many things display in the museum like exhibition gallery which exhibit on musical instrument, jewelries, clothing, wood carving and crafts, hunting tools, farming tools, the wedding ceremony of the orang asli, beliefs, Senoi Praaq corner and so on.

MUSICAL INSTRUMENT

Musical instrument also has been used for Orang Asli in and all this instruments is hand made by them from the natural sources. Music forms part of their lives it used as a form of entertainment. Basically, their music is produces using instruments that need to be drummed, blown, violin-like and hit like the ‘gong’, ‘centong’, ‘bamboo guitar’, ‘kreb’, ‘pensol’, and ‘centong-centong’.

JEWELLRIES

Besides that, they also wear jewelries and this are used to attract the male and female. Some of these jewelries is made of tree roots, beads and flowers which are then designed to form bracelets, necklace, comb and others.

(This is comb that use by female Among The Orang Asli)

CLOTHING

In clothing, they used to cover the private parts of both the male and the female. Originally, their clothes were made of leaves and the outer layer of wood. Technology and development have existed for a long time in the Orang Asli and this is evident from the process of making clothes from wood with its very high artistic value.

So here, don’t u think that they are not wearing anything.. hehe

WOOD CARVINGAND CRAFTS

            As we know, they are really relying on the nature and all task they are using woods, bamboo, roots and many things. So it is undeniable that they are really creative in making wood carving and crafts. There are meaning besides these crafts, such as mostly for belief especially in weaving of mengkuang and pandan leaves, bamboo and cane. In wood craving, all creation depends on imagination and dream that depict good or evil forces which are related to their beliefs and lifestyle.

 Some of the craft Orang Asli made

HUNTING

Then, for hunting tools, The Orang Asli uses many different types of hunting weapons that are basically made of material available around them. The weapon includes blow-pipe, spears and traps. Fishing equipment includes ‘bubu’, ‘lukah’, ‘tuar’, and other. At present, these tools are still being used especially by the Orang Asli living in remote areas.

The use of blow-pipe and traps as weapons..

WEDDING CEREMONY

This picture is about wedding ceremony of Orang Asli. They have unique wedding rituals but at the same time. There are certain elements of their wedding rituals that’s are still being practiced by the Mah Meri in Kampung Tanjung Sepat, Selangor are ritual to get rid of bad luck, sharpening the teeth, setting up the mosquito net, coloring the fingernails, he dancing ceremony and the ritual where they bathe the bride and groom. For your information, Orang Asli practice early marriage such as for male in 17 years old until 18 years old is suitable age for them to get married. Meanwhile for female, when they are 13 until 14 years old is a good age and preferred younger than male to get married. Wow.. this is interesting..

BELIEFS AND HEALING

In terms of beliefs, the Orang Asli has their own unique customs and traditions, which are closely linked to animistic influences. Traditional medicine-men or know as shaman act as a medium to communicate with the invisible power. This communication process carries out during rituals on special days such as ‘Puja Pantai’ for the Mah Meri, ‘Genggulang’ for the Semai. ‘Sewang’ for the Semai and Temiar then ‘Berjerom’ for the Jakun.

In healing belief of Orang Asli, their close relationship with cosmological factors, such as the sun, moon, stars and other elements means that they require a physical channel/medium, which they create in various forms during any healing ritual. This ‘channel’ acts as the vessel for transferring the patient’s illness. The Mah Meri for example, use ANCA, Balai (spirit half) or Sampan (small boat) as their channel. The Jah Hut meanwhile, uses the Sepili figurine in their healing ceremony known as Benisoy.

They continue to hold onto the traditions of healing as inherited from their ancestors. There are certain rituals that make up these traditions, which start from the point of birth right up to death. These rituals are carried out to obtain wellbeing and for protection against disasters or illness. For the Semai and Temiar tribes, the Sewang events is closely related with healing practices for treating condition such as memory loss, illness as a result of someone’s  ill wish, accidental poisoning and possession by evil spirit. Illness are believed to originated from a spirit which has been disturbed and therefore need to be summoned and worshipped in order to treat it. The Mah Meri meanwhile holds a special Hari Moyang (Ancestor Day) celebration once a year for the same purpose.

What is Senoi Praaq?

 Senoi praaq is a term that means The Fighting People. it refer to the battalion of the Police Field Force (PPH) whose members are almost exclusively Orang Asli and was originally formed in 1957 to counter the influence of the communist insurgents on the Orang Asli community deep in the jungles of Malaysia. In 1968 the Senoi Praaq was absorbed into PPH. The unit has two battalions, the Battalion 20 based in Bidor Camp, Perak. Today both battalion consist of 2, 000 personnel and were known as the General Operations Force (PGA).

Before this, I never thought that Orang Asli also have own Battalions at that time and this is amazing!

Besides that, at that time they had used the telephone during missions in jungle and this is advanced u know and the phone is very unique and cute. (Actually this is the favorite site for most of us. hey you! a handsome Senoi Praaq there..)

                                                                 Hello....

Jewelries

                                               

                                         Games of Orang Asli made of coconut shell                                                                                                                               

 Graduation dress for Orang Asli

                                         Traditional music and dances

Funeral process..

 Finally,,

For the conclusion, there are many things we learned about history of The Orang Asli from this visit. For instance, their culture, beliefs, clothes, ceremonies, music instruments, the battalion that I like the most and so on. As we can see in depth on history of Orang Asli, they are primitive people who live in jungle and they are fully dependent on the natural sources surrounding, but they are living well and know how to survive, to defend themselves from any risk and to giving birth have children among the community Orang Asli. This is human, we have been given aql and intellectual differ from animals. Intellect is one weapon or power precious gift of God to every human being. Among all God's creatures, humans are the most perfect, most beautiful, the best, and even respectable human beings are not the biggest or the highest. This is explained by Allah in his words to the effect:

“We have certainly created man in the best of stature”

(Surah At-Tin, verses 4)

In counseling view, we need to know all this important information about Orang Asli in because they are part of our community, Malaysian. Besides that, when we know their culture, we are able to cope nicely when having counseling session with them if we aware of their cultural background, religions and beliefs. do not stereotype and be judgmental to them, respect each other, and make them comfortable along the counseling process. We have cultural diversity in our country, so be fair to all different culture in our country and avoid being racist.

That’s all for our entry today, sorry for late post about this visit..

Thank you reading this entry and have fun! J

~AdilahMardiah